SAMUEL H. MAYS, JR., District Judge.
Plaintiff Brenda Glass ("Plaintiff") originally brought claims for negligence, negligence per se, and breach of contract against Defendants Northwest Airlines, Inc. ("Northwest"), Pinnacle Airlines, Inc. ("Pinnacle"), and Air Serv Corporation ("Air Serv" and, collectively, "Defendants"). (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3-8, 23-32, ECF No. 104.) Defendants filed separately for summary judgment. (See Def. Air Serv Corp.'s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 135; Def. Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 157; Def. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc.'s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 158.)
In its January 4, 2011 Order, 761 F.Supp.2d 734 (W.D.Tenn.2011), on Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment ("Order"), the Court granted Northwest's motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff's claims for negligence and negligence per se, but denied that motion on her breach of contract claim. (See Order on Defs.' Mots. for Summ. J. 36, ECF No. 216.) The Court granted Pinnacle's and Air Serv's motions for summary judgment on all claims against them. (Id.)
Before the Court are two motions seeking revision of the Court's Order. (See Def. Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Mot. to Alter or Amend J., ECF No. 219; Pl.'s Mot. to Reconsider, ECF No. 221.) The first is Northwest's January 21, 2011 motion to alter or amend ("Northwest's Motion"). (See Def. Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Mot. to Alter or Amend J.) Plaintiff responded in opposition on February 2, 2011. (See Pl.'s Resp. in Opp'n to Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Mot. to Alter or Amend J., ECF No. 222.) ("Pl.'s Resp.") The second is Plaintiff's January 28, 2011 motion to reconsider ("Plaintiff's Motion"). (See Pl.'s Mot. to Reconsider, ECF No. 221.) Northwest, Pinnacle, and Air Serv separately responded in opposition on February 11, 2011. (See Def. Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Resp. in Opp'n to Pl.'s Mot. to Reconsider, ECF No. 225 ("Northwest's Resp."); Def. Air Serv Corporation's Resp. in Opp'n to Pl.'s
Plaintiff's claims arise from an incident at Memphis International Airport (the "Airport") on September 9, 2008, in which her father, Clarence Glass ("Glass"), fell down an escalator, suffering serious injuries that allegedly caused his death. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10-25.) The Court summarized the relevant facts, and the parties' disagreements about those facts, in its January 4, 2011 Order. (See Order, 761 F.Supp.2d at 739-41.) The Court stated:
(Id. at 739-41 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).)
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), a court may revise any order before it issues an entry of judgment adjudicating all of the claims and all of the
Plaintiff seeks damages arising from Glass' death, including the full pecuniary value of his life, his physical and emotional pain and suffering, his medical expenses, his loss of enjoyment of life, and his funeral expenses. (See Compl. ¶ 32.) Northwest argues that Plaintiff has failed to show that the damages she seeks are recoverable in an action for breach of contract and that, in denying its motion for summary judgment on her breach of contract claim without addressing damages, the Court committed a clear error of law. (See Def. Northwest Airlines, Inc.'s Mem. of Law in Supp. of its Mot. to Alter or Amend J. 8-12, ECF No. 219-1.) ("Northwest's Mem.") Northwest argues that Plaintiff's claim must fail because the damages she alleges "cannot be deemed to have been within the contemplation of the parties at the time Plaintiff purchased Mr. Glass' ticket." (Id. at 11-12.)
Plaintiff does not respond to Northwest's argument on its merits, but argues that, because Northwest's argument was not raised in its motion for summary judgment, it cannot be raised in its motion to alter or amend. (See Pl.'s Resp. 6-8.) She relies on a First Circuit Court of Appeals decision stating, "A Rule 59(e) motion is not properly used to raise arguments which could, and should, have been made before judgment issued." See Yeomalakis v. FDIC, 562 F.3d 56, 61 (1st Cir.2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); (Pl.'s Resp. 8).
Like the First Circuit, the Sixth Circuit has held that, "under Rule 59(e), parties cannot use a motion for reconsideration to raise new legal arguments that could have been raised before a judgment was issued." Roger Miller Music, Inc. v. Sony/ATV Publ'g, LLC, 477 F.3d 383, 395 (6th Cir.2007) (citation omitted). Rule 59(e) governs motions made after judgment has issued, not motions to revise interlocutory orders. Compare Fed. R.Civ.P. 59(e), with Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b). To be meritorious, "a motion under Rule 59(e) must either clearly establish a manifest error of law or must present newly discovered evidence." Roger Miller Music, 477 F.3d at 395 (citation and internal
Because judgment has not issued, the Court construes Northwest's motion as one invoking Rule 54(b) and the Court's "inherent authority" to revise its interlocutory orders. See In re Regions Morgan Keegan, 2010 WL 5464792, at *1. Therefore, the Court applies the standards governing motions under Rule 54(b), not those governing motions under Rule 59(e). Although the Court is not required to consider Northwest's argument, it exercises its inherent authority to do so. Plaintiff's argument that Northwest may not raise the argument that Plaintiff has failed to establish an element of its breach of contract claim because it failed to do so in its motion for summary judgment is not well-taken.
To establish a claim for breach of contract under Tennessee law, a plaintiff must show: (1) the existence of an enforceable contract; (2) non-performance amounting to a breach of that contract; and (3) damages caused by the breach. C & W Asset Acquisition, LLC v. Oggs, 230 S.W.3d 671, 676-77 (Tenn.Ct.App.2007) (citing ARC LifeMed, Inc. v. AMC-Tenn., Inc., 183 S.W.3d 1, 26 (Tenn.Ct.App.2005)); see Markow v. Pollock, No. M2008-01720-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4980264, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. Dec. 22, 2009) (citation omitted); Wooten Tractor Co., Inc. v. Arcon of Tenn., L.L.C., No. W2008-01650-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 1492227, at *5 (Tenn.Ct.App. May 28, 2009) (citation omitted). A showing of damages "is an essential element to the plaintiffs cause of action." Apollo Hair Sys. of Nashville v. First Lady Int'l Corp., No. M2003-02322-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 735032, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar. 29, 2005) (citation omitted); see Ervin v. Nashville Peace & Justice Ctr., 673 F.Supp.2d 592, 612 (M.D.Tenn.2009) ("Plaintiff's state law breach of contract claim warrants dismissal because he cannot show damages from the purported breach.").
A plaintiff asserting a claim for breach of contract may recover damages that "arise naturally" from the breach and that "may reasonably be supposed to have been within the contemplation of the parties as a probable result thereof, or such as were reasonably foreseeable and within contemplation of the parties when they entered into the contract." Heim v. Town of Camden, No. 02A01-9109CH00204, 1992 WL 1391, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. Jan. 8,1992) (citing Baker v. Riverside Church of God, 61 Tenn.App. 270, 453 S.W.2d 801, 809-10 (1970)); cf. Ervin, 673 F.Supp.2d at 612 ("Damages for a breach of contract represent payment for actual losses caused by the breach of contract."). "[A] party who [fails] to fulfill a contract cannot be held liable for remote, contingent and uncertain consequences, or for speculative or possible results which may have ensued from his breach." Poynter v. Gen. Motors Corp., No. 3:06-CV-226, 2007 WL 3341923, at *3 (E.D.Tenn. Nov. 9, 2007) (citation omitted); see Hannan v. Alltel Publ'g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tenn.2008) ("The existence of damages cannot be uncertain, speculative, or remote." (citation omitted)); Baker, 453 S.W.2d at 809-10. The Tennessee Court of Appeals has explained:
Baker, 453 S.W.2d at 809-10 (quoting Squire v. W. Union Tel. Co., 98 Mass. 232, 237-38 (Mass.1867)).
In Baker, the Tennessee Court of Appeals reversed a trial court's denial of a directed verdict and dismissed plaintiff's breach of contract claim because his damages had not been contemplated by the parties when they entered into their contract. See id. at 810. The plaintiff in Baker was an electric company lineman who also trimmed and cut trees as a side job. Id. at 803-04. The lineman agreed to fell a tree on a church's property for $50, so long as the church provided people to help him. Id. at 804. The lineman began felling the tree on November 18, 1967, with the assistance of a person from the church, but was forced to stop because the lineman was concerned that, once cut, the top of the tree might fall on and damage a nearby automobile. Id. When the lineman returned to complete the job three days later, no one from the church was present to assist him. Id. He nevertheless climbed the tree and cut the top of the tree without assistance. Id. at 804-05. As the top fell to the ground, its limbs struck the lineman and "crushed him against the trunk of the tree, causing serious, painful and disabling injuries," including a crushed ankle. Id. at 806.
Despite his physical injuries, the Baker court concluded that the lineman had not established a claim for breach of contract because he had failed to show recoverable damages. Id. 809-10. In explaining that Baker's damages were not recoverable, the court asked:
Id. at 810. Because the parties did not contemplate the lineman's conduct, "they did not contemplate or agree upon liability for any damages resulting from such conduct." Id. Therefore, damages were not recoverable, and the lineman's breach of contract claim failed. See id.
Plaintiff's breach of contract claim fails for the same reason as the lineman's claim in Baker. The Court has concluded that a reasonable jury might find that Northwest had breached its contract by failing to relay Glass' wheelchair request to Air Serv. (Order, 761 F.Supp.2d at 749-50.) It cannot be said, however, that the Plaintiff and Northwest contemplated that, if Northwest breached its contract by failing to ensure that Glass received the wheelchair within ten minutes of his arrival, he would "ignore Patel's assurances that his wheelchair was on the way, leave the gate area . . ., attempt to ascend an escalator using his walker, and fall and injure himself." (Order, 761 F.Supp.2d at 745); see Baker, 453 S.W.2d at 810. Because the parties did not contemplate Glass' conduct, "they did not contemplate or agree upon liability for any damages resulting from such conduct." See Baker, 453 S.W.2d at 810. Plaintiff's breach of contract claim must fail as a matter of law. See id. (dismissing plaintiff's claim because he had not established recoverable damages).
Plaintiff seeks revision of the Court's Order as to (1) her negligence claim against Air Serv; (2) her negligence and negligence per se claims against Northwest; and (3) her negligence, negligence per se, and breach of contract claims against Pinnacle. (See Pl.'s Mem. 2-20.) She argues that the Court committed errors of law in granting summary judgment on those claims. See Louisville/Jefferson Cnty. Metro Gov't, 590 F.3d at 389, (Pl.'s Mem. 2-20).
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in granting Air Serv's motion for summary judgment "at least in part because it did not construe the evidence in a light that is most favorable to the Plaintiff." (Mem. in Supp. of Pl.'s Mot. to Reconsider, ECF No. 221-1.) ("Pl.'s Mem.") According to Plaintiff, "construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the Plaintiff, it is clear that [Air Serv] had between twenty-six minutes, and perhaps as much as fifty-four minutes, between the time it was first notified of Mr. Glass' need for [a] wheelchair and his fall." (Id. at 2.) Air Serv asserts that less than fifteen minutes elapsed between Patel's calling Air Serv to request wheelchairs for passengers on Glass' flight and Glass' leaving the gate area and that any time that elapsed after Glass left the gate area is irrelevant. (See Air Serv's Resp. 2-4.)
To show that Air Serv had notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair before he requested one on entering the gate area, Plaintiff relies on Patel's deposition and the Air Serv's dispatch log. (Pl.'s Mem. 3.) In the relevant portion of his deposition, Patel stated that he had requested two wheelchairs for passengers on Glass' flight before it arrived and that one of those calls was for Glass. (See Patel Dep. 20:8-21:13, Dec. 8, 2009, ECF No. 133.) Air Serv's dispatch log shows Air Serv received calls for passengers on Glass' flight at 8:24 a.m., 8:25 a.m., and 8:29 a.m. (See Ex. B., ECF No. 221-3.) According to Plaintiff, the Court must conclude that Air Serv had notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair no later than 8:29 a.m. (See Pl.'s Mem. 3.)
Although the dispatch log shows that Air Serv received calls at 8:24 a.m. and 8:25 a.m., there is no record of an 8:29 a.m. call. (See id.) According to the log, neither call was on Glass' behalf. (See id.) The 8:24 a.m. call was for a passenger named "Diaz" and the 8:25 a.m. call was for a passenger named "Goff."
There is no dispute that Glass' flight arrived "at approximately 8:30 a.m." (See Am. Compl. ¶ 15; Def. Air Serv Corporation's Answer to First Am. Compl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 106.) If one of Patel's calls was for Glass, Air Serv had notice of his need for a wheelchair between 8:24 and 8:29 a.m. (See Ex. B.) According to a video timeline prepared by the Airport, Glass left the aircraft at 8:43 a.m. and left the gate area at 8:48 a.m. (See Ex. C, ECF No. 221-4.) Therefore, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, Air Serv had notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair before he left the aircraft and for approximately twenty-four minutes before he left the gate area.
Having shown that, drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, Air Serv had notice of Glass' wheelchair request before he left the aircraft and requested one from Patel, Plaintiff argues that Air Serv had a duty in tort to provide Glass with a wheel-chair within a reasonable time. (Pl.'s Mem. 5-8.) She asserts that the Court's conclusion that Air Serv had no duty is a clear error of law. (See id.) Air Serv argues that the Court did not clearly err in concluding that Air Serv had no duty to arrive with Glass' wheelchair before he left the gate area. (See Air Serv's Resp. 4-5.)
There is some authority for imposing a duty on Air Serv in this context. Where plaintiff's negligence claim is premised on "a failure to act for the protection or assistance of another, there is normally no liability unless some relation between the actor and the other, or some antecedent action on the part of the actor, has created a duty to act for the other's protection or assistance." Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 360-61 (Tenn.2008) (citation omitted). However, "[o]ne who assumes to act, even though gratuitously, may thereby become subject to the duty of acting carefully." Bennett v. Trevecca Nazarene Univ., 216 S.W.3d 293, 300 (Tenn.2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Biscan v. Brown, 160 S.W.3d 462, 482-83 (Tenn. 2005) (citation omitted).
Tennessee courts have relied on the Restatement (Second) of Torts in deciding whether a party has assumed a duty
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965). "Whether or not a person has assumed a duty to act is a question of law." Biscan, 160 S.W.3d at 483 (citation omitted).
Air Serv appears to concede that it assumed a duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair once it had notice of Glass' need for one. (See Air Serv's Resp. 4 ("The question is not whether Air Serv had a duty to provide a wheelchair within a reasonable time after notice. Of course it did.").) The essence of Air Serv's argument is that, although it might have assumed some affirmative duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair, the scope of its duty did not require it to provide the wheelchair before Glass left the gate area. (See id. at 4-5.)
Courts define "the scope of a duty or a particular standard of care by looking to the statutes, regulations, principles, and other precedents that make up the law." Wilson v. E. Tenn. Human Res. Agency, Inc., No. E2010-01712-COA-R3CV, 2011 WL 1642441, at *7 (Tenn.Ct.App. Apr. 29, 2011) (citing White v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 860 S.W.2d 49, 52 (Tenn.Ct.App.1993)). They may also consider "evidence that tends to establish a custom representing the common judgment concerning the risks of a particular situation and the precautions to meet them." Id. (citation omitted). A company's internal policies and procedures may "demonstrate what the company's employees should have done in a particular situation." Id. (citation omitted).
There is no authority for concluding that Air Serv assumed the particular duty that Plaintiff seeks to impose on it. The only evidence in the record that tends to establish the scope of any duty that Air Serv might have assumed is the contract between Northwest and Air Serv (the "Northwest-Air Serv Contract"). (See Ex. C, No. 157-4.) Under that contract, a passenger was not expected to wait more than thirty minutes for a wheelchair. (Id. § 7.2.2.) Air Serv was required to arrive with a passenger's wheelchair within thirty minutes of "aircraft block time," if the passenger's request was "planned," and within thirty minutes of a request being made, if the request was "unplanned." (See id. § 7.1.6.)
As noted, drawing all reasonable inferences in Plaintiff's favor, approximately
As the Court concluded in its Order, Glass' ignoring Patel's assurances that his wheelchair was on the way, leaving the gate area after having waited there for no more than ten minutes, attempting to ascend an escalator using his walker, and falling were not foreseeable. (See id. at 745.) Even if that course of conduct might have been foreseeable,
Plaintiff has not proposed any particular alternative conduct that would have prevented Glass' injury, other than to imply that Air Serv should have provided a wheelchair before Glass left the gate area. That would require Air Serv to provide a wheelchair more quickly than the Northwest-Air Serv Contract required it to do so—specifically, within twenty-four minutes, rather than within thirty minutes. (See Ex. C §§ 7.1.6, 7.2.2.) In this context, that contract is the only evidence suggesting the scope of Air Serv's duty and the feasibility of alternative conduct. See Wilson, 2011 WL 1642441, at *7. As the Court explained in its Order, Plaintiff has not shown that requiring Air Serv to respond to a wheelchair request more quickly than required under the Northwest-Air Serv Contract would be feasible or would increase safety. (See Order, 761 F.Supp.2d at 745-46.)
There is some authority for the proposition that Air Serv assumed a duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair. However, Plaintiff has not shown that the Court committed a clear error of law in concluding that Air Serv had no duty to provide a wheelchair before Glass left the gate area
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in concluding that, to establish a negligence claim, she needed to show that "an airline carrier has an affirmative duty to provide a wheelchair for any passenger who requests one within ten minutes of the passenger's arrival." (See Pl.'s Mem. 10-11; Order, 761 F.Supp.2d at 747-48.) Plaintiff argues that Northwest assumed a duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair when she purchased Glass' ticket on August 25, 2008, because she requested a wheelchair at that time and that Northwest breached its duty by doing "absolutely nothing to fulfill the request." (See Pl.'s Mem. 12-13.) Northwest argues that Plaintiff has not shown the Court erred in concluding it had no duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair within ten minutes of his entering the gate area. (See Northwest's Resp. 6-7.)
As noted, there is some authority for the proposition that, by assuming to act for the protection or assistance of another, a defendant also assumes a duty to act reasonably. See Bennett, 216 S.W.3d at 300; Biscan, 160 S.W.3d at 482-83. The scope of that duty, however, is defined by existing law and custom. See Wilson, 2011 WL 1642441, at *7.
Northwest arguably assumed a duty to provide a wheelchair for Glass based on Plaintiff's having requested wheelchair service when she purchased his ticket on August 28, 2011.
Plaintiff has not shown that the Court committed a clear error of law in concluding that Northwest had no duty to provide a wheelchair before Glass left the gate area under these circumstances. Plaintiff's argument for revising the Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Northwest on Glass' negligence claim is not well-taken.
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in concluding that she had not shown Northwest's violation of a statute or regulation, a necessary element of her negligence per se claim. (See Pl.'s Mem. 13-14.) She argues that the Court's reliance on Glafelter v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 253 Ga.App. 251, 558 S.E.2d 793 (2002), was misplaced because, unlike the defendant airline in that case, Northwest had over two weeks notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair, and, therefore, there is a genuine issue of fact about whether Northwest violated 14 C.F.R. § 382.39, a regulation promulgated under the Air Carrier Access Act of 1986 ("ACAA"). (See id.) Northwest argues that the Court's reading of and reliance on
In Glatfelter, a well-reasoned and persuasive opinion from Georgia, a husband and wife alleged that Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") had violated the ACAA by failing to provide a wheelchair to the husband before they left a gate area of the Atlanta airport after having waited between fifteen and twenty minutes. See 558 S.E.2d at 795-96. Although their daughter had requested wheelchair service when she purchased their tickets, the court did not focus on that fact in deciding Delta's liability under the ACAA. See id. Instead, the Glatfelter court explained that the ACAA is not a strict liability statute and that "a minimal delay in providing the requested assistance does not constitute a violation." Id. at 796 (citation omitted). The court used "delay" to refer the couple's fifteen-to-twenty minute wait in the gate area after their flight had arrived, not the time that elapsed between their daughter's purchasing their tickets and their leaving the gate area. See id.
Although Plaintiff argues that any delay in Northwest's providing a wheelchair to Glass was not minimal because it had over two weeks notice of his request, the time that elapsed before Glass' flight arrived at the Airport is irrelevant. The relevant time period is Glass' wait in the gate area. See id. Glass left the gate area approximately twenty-four minutes after Patel's first call to Air Serv, with which Northwest had contracted to provide wheelchair service for its passengers, and no more than ten minutes after Glass had left the aircraft and entered the gate area. (See Ex. B; Ex. C; Patel Dep. 34:10-34:15) Therefore, like the plaintiffs in Glatfelter, any delay Glass experienced was minimal. See 558 S.E.2d at 796.
Plaintiff has not shown that the Court's conclusion that Northwest did not violate the ACAA was clearly erroneous. Her argument for revising the Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Northwest on Glass' negligence per se claim is not well-taken.
Plaintiff argues that the Court should revise its decisions on her negligence, negligence per se, and breach of contract claims against Pinnacle. (See Pl.'s Mem. 14-19.)
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in concluding that Pinnacle had no duty to provide Glass with a wheelchair. (See Pl.'s Mem. 14-16.) She argues that Pinnacle had notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair before he arrived at the Airport and that Glass' leaving the gate area before his wheelchair arrived was foreseeable. (See id.) Pinnacle argues that it relayed Glass' wheelchair request to Air Serv and that it had no duty to provide a wheelchair before Glass left the gate area. (See Pinnacle's Resp. 6-10.)
As noted, there is some authority for the proposition that, by assuming to act for the protection or assistance of another, a defendant also assumes a duty to act reasonably. See Bennett, 216 S.W.3d at 300; Biscan, 160 S.W.3d at 482-83. The scope of that duty, however, is defined by existing law and custom. See Wilson, 2011 WL 1642441, at *7.
Glass' boarding pass demonstrates that wheelchair service had been requested for his Northwest flight, and Pinnacle operated that flight for Northwest. (See Ex. A, ECF No. 221-2.) Patel called Air Serv to request a wheelchair for Glass before his flight arrived. (See Patel Dep. 20:8-21:13.) Based on that evidence, Pinnacle arguably assumed a duty to provide a wheelchair for Glass before he requested one from Patel on arriving at the Airport. That does not
Plaintiff has not shown that the Court committed a clear error of law in concluding that Pinnacle had no duty to provide a wheelchair before Glass left the gate area under these circumstances. Plaintiff's argument for revising the Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Pinnacle on Glass' negligence claim is not well-taken.
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in concluding that she had not shown Pinnacle's violation of a statute or regulation, a necessary element of her negligence per se claim. (See Pl.'s Mem. 16-18.) She argues that the Court's reliance on Glatfelter was misplaced because Pinnacle had notice of Glass' need for a wheelchair when it learned that it would be operating Glass' flight for Northwest. (See id. at 17-18.) Pinnacle argues that the Court's reliance on Glatfelter was proper. (See Pinnacle's Resp. 11-12.)
In substance, Plaintiff's argument about why summary judgment was improper on her negligence per se claim against Pinnacle is the same as her argument about why summary judgment was improper on that claim against Northwest—that Glatfelter's analysis does not apply to her claim because Glass did not experience a "minimal delay." (See Pl.'s Mem. 16-18.) As noted, the delay to which the Glatfelter court was referring was the couple's wait in the gate area after they had arrived, not the time that had passed before they had arrived in the gate area. See 558 S.E.2d at 795-96. That Pinnacle might have known of Glass' wheelchair request when it learned it would operate Glass' flight is irrelevant to Plaintiff's negligence per se claim against Pinnacle. For the reasons stated in discussing Plaintiff's claim of negligence per se against Northwest, any delay Glass experienced was minimal.
Plaintiff has not shown that the Court's conclusion that Pinnacle did not violate the ACAA was clearly erroneous. Her argument for revising the Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Pinnacle on her negligence per se claim is not well-taken.
Plaintiff argues that the Court erred in concluding that Pinnacle had not assumed Northwest's contractual duty to Glass. (See Pl.'s Mem. 18-19.) She argues that a reasonable jury could conclude that Northwest had assumed those duties based on Glass' boarding pass. (See id.) Pinnacle argues that Glass' boarding pass is immaterial to the issue of whether it had assumed Northwest's contractual duty to Glass. (See Pinnacle's Resp. 13-14.)
Glass' boarding pass stated that his flight was "Operated by [1] Pinnacle Airlines." (See Ex. A.) Based on the boarding pass, a reasonable jury might conclude that a contractual relationship existed such that Pinnacle operated certain flights for Northwest, including Glass' flight. However, nothing about the boarding pass demonstrates that Pinnacle assumed all of Northwest's contractual duties to its passengers, including providing them with wheelchair service. Even if Pinnacle assumed those duties, the Court has concluded that Plaintiff cannot recover for breach of contract against Northwest because she has failed to show recoverable damages—a
Plaintiff has not shown that the Court's conclusion that Pinnacle did not have a contractual duty to Glass was clearly erroneous. Her argument for revising the Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Pinnacle on her breach of contract claim is not well-taken.
Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Northwest's Motion, AMENDS its Order, and GRANTS summary judgment in favor of Northwest on Plaintiff's breach of contract claim against it. The Court DENIES Plaintiff's Motion. Because the Court has granted summary judgment on all of Plaintiff's claims, all other pending motions are DENIED as moot.
